The Network Layer is the third layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, and it plays a crucial role in routing data packets from a source to a destination across multiple networks and devices. This layer is responsible for logical addressing, routing, and the establishment of end-to-end communication paths. Here are the key characteristics […]

The Data Link Layer is the (2nd) second layer referred to as layer 2 in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and is responsible for creating a reliable link between two directly connected nodes, typically over a shared medium. It manages the data link, ensuring the integrity of data transmission and controlling access to the […]

The Physical Layer is the first and lowest layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and is responsible for the actual physical transmission of data over a network medium. It deals with the hardware aspects of network communication and provides the means to transmit raw bits over the physical medium. Here are the key […]